Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

Growth characteristics of algae during early stages of phytoplankton bloom in Lake Taihu, China

Three treatments, sediment plus lake water (S+W), sterilized sediment plus lake water (SS+W), and sediment plus filtered lake water (S+FW), were recruited to investigate the growth characteristics of algae during pre-bloom and the importance of algal inocula in the water column and sediment. The results showed that in the water column, biomass of all algae increased in all treatments when recruitment was initiated, whereas this tendency differed among treatments with further increment of temperature. The process of algal growth consisted of two stages: Stage I, the onset of recruitment and Stage II, the subsequent growth of algae. Compared with S+W, in Stage I, SS+W significantly increased the biomass of cyanophytes by 178.70%, and decreased the biomass of non-cyanophytes by 43.40%; In Stage II, SS+W notably stimulated the growth of all algae, thus incurring the occurrence of phytoplankton bloom. Further analyses revealed that both metabolic activity and photochemical activity of algae were enhanced in SS+W, which resulted from the releasing of nutrients from sediment. These results suggest that algal growth in Stage II and algal inocula in the water column can be important factors for the formation of phytoplankton bloom. In addition, possible mechanisms promoting algal recruitment and subsequent growth of algae were explored.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物重金属形态分析及风险评价

采用BCR 3步连续提取法研究了太湖竺山湾沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在垂直方向上不同形态的分布特征,并利用人类活动系数和重金属形态评价方法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,重金属总量大小为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd,表层沉积物表现出明显的富集效应;重金属总量和可提取态的含量均有从表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势;河流入湖口处5 cm的沉积物重金属总量和可提取态含量显著高于其他区域;AF富集系数评价显示,除Cr外,其余重金属在沉积物中表现出明显出明显的富集效应,特别是Cd和Pb;RSP生态风险评价表明,表层5 cm沉积物生态风险最高,特别是Cd;Cd元素在表层15 cm的沉积物属于重度污染;Zn的表层10 cm属于重度污染;重金属Ni、Cu和Pb在表层5 cm沉积物中基本介于中度污染和重度污染之间,在5～10 cm介于轻度污染和中度污染之间。     

秦皇岛河口及附近水域沉积物砷分布特征及生态风险评价

2011年4月在秦皇岛汤河和戴河选取13个具有代表性的表层沉积物样品,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱仪测定沉积物中As含量,分析沉积物As含量与沉积物有机质、pH以及上覆水体As含量之间的相关关系,结果表明——2条河流沉积物As含量的分布均为:河口>近海岸>河段。沉积物中As含量与上覆水体中As含量呈极显著正相关关系,与沉积物的有机质含量呈显著正相关关系,与pH呈显著负相关关系。另外,文章还采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中砷的污染水平和潜在生态危害进行评价,评价结果显示汤河河段沉积物和戴河所有取样点沉积物As含量较低,属《海洋沉积物质量标准》第一类,其地积累指数(Ige)o属清洁水平。而汤河河口和海岸沉积物中As含量较高,属《海洋沉积物质量标准》第二类,其地积累指数(Ige)o属轻度污染或偏中度污染水平。2条河流沉积物的单因子潜在生态危害指数(Er)i均属轻微生态危害水平。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

大伙房水库水体及沉积物砷总量及形态分布特征

以0.03 mol·L-1磷酸和0.1 mol·L-1抗坏血酸萃取沉积物样品,以2.0 mmol·L-1NaH2PO4和0.2 mmol·L-1 EDTA(pH=6.0)为流动相,采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术,对大伙房水库表层水体、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中的砷元素总量及赋存形态进行检测分析,同时对大伙房库区沉积物粒度进行取样分析.检测结果表明:大伙房水库库区水体及沉积物中砷元素主要以无机砷形态存在,未检测到有机砷形态;表层水体中砷总量较低;表层沉积物孔隙水中只检测到As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ)未检出,且部分采样点砷总量超出国家饮用水标准(10 μg·L-1,GB5749-2006),可能会对底栖生物造成影响;表层沉积物中砷总量较高,且As(Ⅲ)含量大于As(Ⅴ),说明库区沉积环境以还原性条件为主.总体来看,大伙房水库库区水体砷总量较低,但沉积物体系中砷元素总量较高,除R4采样点外均超过国家土壤环境Ⅰ级标准(GB 15618-1995).沿外源河流输入口向库区方向砷总量降低,说明库区砷元素主要来源于外源河流输入,且以浑河为主要来源.     

汾河流域太原段河水及沉积物中PFOS和PFOA的浓度分布特征

考察山西省汾河太原段全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的浓度分布特征,采用固相萃取(SPE)的前处理方法与高效液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)仪器分析方法,检测了汾河太原段水体及沉积物中PFOS和PFOA的含量.结果表明,汾河水样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度范围分别为3.54~16.23 ng·L-1和2.49~4.79 ng·L-1,沉积物样品中含量分别为7.77~51.22 ng·g-1和1.94~3.54 ng·g-1.汾河太原段水样PFOS的浓度从上游到下游有逐渐升高的趋势,PFOA在各采样点的浓度相近;沉积物样品中PFOS的浓度大致呈从上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势,升高趋势没有水样中的明显,但是PFOA在各采样点的浓度亦相近.此外,PFOS在水体及沉积物中的分配与沉积物中有机碳的含量相关,而PFOA的相关性不显著.     

长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布与分配

对长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积相中5种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布与分配进行了研究.结果显示水相中PAEs含量为53.2 ～343.0 ng·L-1,间隙水中为916.8～7517.1 ng·L-1,沉积相为1787.0 ～5045.9 ng·g-1,间隙水相PAEs含量高于水相;比较两江PAEs分布,支流嘉陵江污染程度高于长江干流;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是水体和沉积物中的主要污染物,在间隙水相存在明显富集,这两种污染物在水相中的含量低于地表水质量标准;黏土是影响沉积相中PAEs分布的重要因素,有机质含量对其影响较小;沉积物-间隙水间的lgKoc值与lgKow不相关,DBP在沉积物和间隙水间的分配接近平衡,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)有由沉积相向间隙水相迁移的趋势,DEHP则由间隙水相向沉积相迁移.与国内外其他地区相比,研究区PAEs含量处于中等偏下水平.     

污染水体底泥中重金属治理研究现状

河流、湖泊等水体底泥污染问题已引起全世界的广泛关注,尤其重金属污染问题。目前国内对河流、湖泊底泥重金属的研究偏重于重金属的分布、污染特征以及重金属对生物、生态的影响,对底泥重金属的治理研究相对较少。分析了底泥中重金属的释放机理,简单介绍治理底泥重金属的一些生物技术,着重讨论当今处理底泥重金属的化学方法。